Dr. Michael Pa

Continuing now to discuss how you can make a ketone, we will look at the synthesis of ketones from alkynes. The hydration of an alkyne is an easy way to form the ketone that we want. Alkynes are readily available starting materials and are relatively non-reactive to many substrates. Our synthesis will be acid catalyzed, and will

Continuing on our journey, we move to ketones and their formation. You will soon see that ketones are great electrophiles and are very useful in organic synthesis. One of the very effective ways to make a ketone is through ozonolysis. Ozonolysis uses ozone as the oxidizing agent to break up a double bond. The generic

Nucleophilic attack on a carbonyl is one of the most important reactions in organic chemistry. Not only is it a good way to turn a carbonyl into an alcohol, it becomes the gateway for that alcohol to interconvert into many other functional groups. That’s why nucleophilic attack on a ketone or aldehyde is very important

When speaking about the conformations of alkanes, you see one of the cruel realities of organic chemistry: that it exists in three dimensions. However, you might have noticed that paper is only two dimensional. This causes a real problem for visualizing organic chemistry molecules for many of us. It isn’t easy to look at something

Alkyl halides are one of the most useful functional groups in organic chemistry. If you can put one on a molecule, there are all sorts of things you can turn it into. There are generally three different methods to form alkyl halides. Method 1: Alkyl halides can be synthesized from alkenes.  Hydrogen halides, such as

Nomenclature Properties Synthesis When it comes to the synthesis of halogenoalkanes, you have to be aware of the different methods that are available. In general, there are three main approaches: direct chlorination, Hunsdiecker reaction, and Kochi reaction. The direct chlorination approach is probably the most common and straightforward way to make a halogenoalkane. You simply

Alkenes are homologues series having general formula CnH2n. the first member of alkene is ethene (C2H4). They are unsaturated hydrocarbons having at least one double bond between any two carbons. There is one sigma bond and a pi bond between the two doubly bonded carbons. Due to the presence of weak pi bond alkene are

Functional groups In organic chemistry, functional groups are the organizing structure. Each molecule with a specific functional group has similar reactivity patterns at the site of that functional group. Functional groups and molecules with similar function groups share a set of properties (for example, reactivity). The first major feature of functional groups is the presence

Alkanes are a family of saturated hydrocarbons having general formula of CnH2n+2. In alkane each carbon atom form four single sigma bonds with other atoms. Due to their saturated nature and presence of sigma bonds they are very stable or less reactive and are therefore called paraffin’s. Alkanes can be prepared by the following methods.