{"id":497,"date":"2022-03-08T23:59:00","date_gmt":"2022-03-08T23:59:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/box5250.temp.domains\/~aceorgan\/blog\/?p=497"},"modified":"2022-03-09T23:39:53","modified_gmt":"2022-03-09T23:39:53","slug":"steps-free-radical-reactions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aceorganicchem.com\/blog\/steps-free-radical-reactions\/","title":{"rendered":"Steps of a Free Radical Reactions [simplified &#8211; with a great diagram]"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-steps-of-free-radical-reactions-in-2022\">The steps of free radical reactions in 2022<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>This is one of the best depictions of the steps of free radical reactions I have seen. &nbsp; It shows what can go on in this reactions and how we get from starting material to desired final product.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"http:\/\/box5250.temp.domains\/~aceorgan\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/free-rad-mechanism.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"566\" height=\"499\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aceorganicchem.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/free-rad-mechanism.jpeg\" alt=\"Steps of a radical reaction\" class=\"wp-image-498\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aceorganicchem.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/free-rad-mechanism.jpeg 566w, https:\/\/www.aceorganicchem.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/free-rad-mechanism-300x264.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 566px) 100vw, 566px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Radical reactions: a quick overview first.  A&nbsp;<em>radical reaction<\/em>&nbsp;is a reaction which occurs by a free radical mechanism (duh) and results in the substitution of one or more of the atoms or groups present in the substrate by different atoms or groups. Homolysis&nbsp;is the process by which one makes two new radicals by breaking a covalent bond, leaving each of the fragments with one of the electrons in the bond. Because breaking a chemical bond requires energy, homolysis occurs under the addition of heat or light. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Initiation = One neutral provides two radicals.<\/strong> &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is what starts the entire reaction. &nbsp;This is also the only initiation step that can occur, as CH<sub>4<\/sub> is not going to break off an H*.  Remember that we need light or heat or some sort of radical initiator to start the initiation step in a radical reaction. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Propagation = 1 neutral + 1 radical provides a different neutral and a different radical. &nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this reaction, the most likely propagation is chlorine abstracting a proton from methane to give HCl and the methyl radical. &nbsp;The next step is where the methyl radical breaks up two Cl atoms. &nbsp;<em><strong>What I really like about this depiction is that it shows that the Cl* from reaction 3 can be recycled back into step 2. &nbsp;This means that the reaction is self-propagating.<\/strong> &nbsp;<\/em>This also means that IN THEORY you could have one initiation reaction, followed by a bunch of different propagations, ending with one termination reaction. &nbsp;Of course, in real life, for many reasons, this does not happen as there are lots of differnt initiation reactions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Termination = 2 radicals providing one neutral. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;The part to remember here is that any two radicals can get together to terminate the reaction and form a neutral species. &nbsp;Since we have 2 types of radicals in the reaction (Cl* and CH<sub>3<\/sub>*) , there are three combinations of potential termination steps. &nbsp;Reaction 4 gives us back starting material, so it is fine. &nbsp;Reaction 6 gives us product, so it is also fine. &nbsp;Reaction 5 give us a byproduct, which strangely enough can replace methane in the propagation step and give us another by-product.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Think about this picture and figure out all of the side reactions that might occur to fowl up the reaction. &nbsp;Then, (for you advanced students) think about what ways exist that you can minimize those side reactions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Here is the quick summary of radical reactions:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Initiation = 1 neutral provides two radicals.<\/li><li>Propagation = 1 neutral + 1 radical provides a different neutral and a different radical.<\/li><li>Termination = 2 radicals providing one neutral.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Hope this was helpful to you all, and as always, happy reacting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-medium\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Organic-Chemistry-Complete-Course-AceOrganicChem\/dp\/B073R6KJ7Y?ref_=ast_sto_dp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"250\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aceorganicchem.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Organic-chemistry-help-1-300x250.png\" alt=\"organic chemistry help\" class=\"wp-image-3040\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aceorganicchem.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Organic-chemistry-help-1-300x250.png 300w, https:\/\/www.aceorganicchem.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Organic-chemistry-help-1-1024x852.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.aceorganicchem.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Organic-chemistry-help-1-768x639.png 768w, https:\/\/www.aceorganicchem.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Organic-chemistry-help-1.png 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The steps of free radical reactions in 2022 This is one of the best depictions of the steps of free radical reactions I have seen. &nbsp; It shows what can go on in this reactions and how we get from starting material to desired final product. Radical reactions: a quick overview first. A&nbsp;radical reaction&nbsp;is a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[8,9],"tags":[46],"class_list":["post-497","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-o-chem-help","category-organic-chemistry","tag-organic-chemistry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Steps of Free Radical Reactions [with simplified chart] - AceOrganicChem<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The three steps of radical reactions and explains why we see side products, plus one step that most students don&#039;t think of.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aceorganicchem.com\/blog\/steps-free-radical-reactions\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Dr. Michael Pa\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aceorganicchem.com\\\/blog\\\/steps-free-radical-reactions\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aceorganicchem.com\\\/blog\\\/steps-free-radical-reactions\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Dr. Michael Pa\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aceorganicchem.com\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/854192b6b8f267c7ee95ddba11dcd4b4\"},\"headline\":\"Steps of a Free Radical Reactions [simplified &#8211; 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