organic chemistry

Know the “normal” state for common organic atoms [3 rules to live by]

Structures of molecules can be difficult to piece together at first when you are just starting in an organic chemistry class. Hopefully you retained some of this knowledge from general chemistry. If not, one of the tricks that can greatly help with this is to know the uncharged or “normal” state for atoms that are […]

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Steps of a Free Radical Reactions [simplified – with a great diagram]

The steps of free radical reactions in 2022 This is one of the best depictions of the steps of free radical reactions I have seen.   It shows what can go on in this reactions and how we get from starting material to desired final product. Radical reactions: a quick overview first. A radical reaction is a

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Organic Chemistry Help: Symmetric diols from the Pinacol reaction

Some of your professors will try to sneak this one in on you during an exam:  Your professor will ask you to synthesize the symmetric diol shown below and you will either not know how or you will come up with a convoluted, difficult or wrong answer. JUST REMEMBER: Symmetric diols came from the Pinacol reaction. While

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Resonance between equivalent atoms in organic chemistry means equal bond lengths.

It’s time for resonance in organic chemistry.   Resonance in organic chemistry is one of the most fundamental and useful concepts you will learn in this class. Once most students hear this tip, it makes perfect sense to them, but it isn’t one that you might think of on your own.  Take a look at

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